Casper is a city in and the county seat of Natrona County, Wyoming, United States. Casper is the second-most populous city in the state after Cheyenne, with the population at 59,038 as of the 2020 census. Casper is nicknamed "The Oil City" and has a long history of oil boomtown and cowboy culture, dating back to the development of the nearby Salt Creek Oil Field.

Casper is in east central Wyoming, on the North Platte River.

Casper was established east of the former site of Fort Caspar, in an area that attracted European settlers during the mid-19th century mass migration of land seekers along the Oregon, California, and Mormon trails, where several nearby ferries offered passage across the North Platte River in the early 1840s. In 1859, Louis Guinard built a bridge and trading post near the original ferry locations, allowing overland travel to continue through the area.

The government also posted the military garrison to protect telegraph and mail service. It was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William O. Collins. Native American attacks increased after the 1864 Sand Creek Massacre in Colorado, bringing more troops to the post, which was by now called Platte Bridge Station. In July 1865, a group of Indian warriors killed Collins's son Caspar Collins near the post, and three months later the garrison was renamed Fort Caspar in his honor.

In 1867, the troops were ordered to abandon Fort Caspar in favor of Fort Fetterman, downstream on the North Platte along the Bozeman Trail. But the town itself was settled in 1887, and incorporated a year later by developers as an anticipated stopping point during the Wyoming Central Railway's expansion.

A site a few miles east was planned as the original site, where homesteader Joshua Stroud lived before the construction of the station for the Chicago and North Western Railway. The Pioneer Town Site Company laid out the site in 1888 and it was known as Strouds, but the name Casper soon prevailed. While the name is derived from Fort Caspar and Caspar Collins, it is named "Casper" due to a typo during the official registration.

Casper was an early commercial rival to both Bessemer and Douglas, Wyoming. The absence of a railhead doomed Bessemer in favor of Casper, while Douglas, also a railhead, survives. This rail presence also made Casper the starting point for the "invaders" in the Johnson County War, since the chartered train carrying the men from Texas stopped at Casper.

Casper received a significant influx of visitors during the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, due to its position along the path of totality.

Interstate 25, which approaches Casper from the north and east, is the main avenue of transportation to and from the city. The towns immediately adjacent to Casper are Mills, Evansville, and Bar Nunn. Unincorporated areas include Allendale, Dempsey Acres, Red Buttes, and Indian Springs.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 27.24 square miles (70.55 km2), of which 26.90 square miles (69.67 km2) is land and 0.34 square miles (0.88 km2) is water.

Like most of Wyoming, Casper has a continental semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk), with long, cold, dry winters, hot but generally dry summers, mild springs, and short, crisp autumns. Normal daily maxima range from 35.2 Â°F (1.8 Â°C) in January to 89.0 Â°F (31.7 Â°C) in July. Snow can fall heavily during the winter and early to mid-spring months, and usually falls in May and October. Precipitation is greatest in spring and early summer, but even then is not high. Highs reach 90 Â°F (32.2 Â°C) on 37.8 days per year and fail to surpass freezing on 41.3. Lows drop to 0 Â°F (−17.8 Â°C) on an average of 14.6 nights annually. The highest temperature recorded in Casper was 104 Â°F (40.0 Â°C) on July 12, 1954; July 16, 2005; and July 29, 2006; the lowest was −42 Â°F (−41.1 Â°C) on December 22, 2022.

As of the census of 2010, there were 55,316 people, 22,794 households, and 14,237 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,056.4 inhabitants per square mile (794.0/km2). There were 24,536 housing units at an average density of 912.1 per square mile (352.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.3% White, 1.0% African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 2.3% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 7.4% of the population.

There were 22,794 households, of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.5% were non-families. Of all households 30.3% were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the city was 36 years. 23.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.7% were from 25 to 44; 26.4% were from 45 to 64; and 12.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.

As of the census of 2000, there were 49,644 people, 20,343 households, and 13,141 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,073.2 people per square mile (800.5 people/km2). There were 21,872 housing units at an average density of 913.4 per square mile (352.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.03% White, 0.86% Black, 1.00% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.04% from other races, and 1.56% from two or more races. 5.35% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 20,343 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% were non-families. Of all households 29.1% were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,567, and the median income for a family was $46,267. Males had a median income of $34,905 versus $21,810 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,409. About 8.5% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.4% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.

Casper is a regional center of banking and commerce.

After the discovery of crude oil in the region during the 1890s, Casper became the regional petroleum industry center. Oil has figured prominently in its history from nearly the outset. It was first discovered in the Salt Creek Oil Field in 1889, about 40 miles (64 km) north of Casper; the first refinery in Casper was built in 1895. The city has featured a refinery ever since, with various refineries built and closed over the years. As recently as the early 1980s, the city was near or home to three refineries. The surviving one, operated by Sinclair Oil Corporation, is in nearby Evansville. Development of Wyoming coal and uranium fields in recent decades has helped Casper continue its role as a center in the energy industry.

Casper Wind Farm began operations near Casper in Natrona County and has 11 turbines with a generating capacity of 16.5 MW. Energy Transportation Inc. is headquartered in Casper. This logistics firm transports overweight and outsized components used in the wind power industry. The Casper landfill is also a disposal site for windmill blades.

Casper is home to Casper College, a community college that offers bachelor's degrees in 16 areas of study from the University of Wyoming through its UW/CC Center.

Public education in Casper is provided by Natrona County School District #1, the county's only school district. The district operates 16 elementary schools, five middle schools, and three high schools in Casper. The high schools are Kelly Walsh, Natrona County, and Roosevelt High Schools. A program called CAPS is being added to Natrona County School District, which will provide more space and classrooms for juniors and seniors at the high schools.

Casper has a public library, a branch of the Natrona County Public Library System.

Casper is served by one print newspaper, the Casper Star-Tribune, a daily, and until recently the Casper Journal, a weekly. Casper is also home to WyoFile, an online publication focusing on state issues, and Oil City News, an online news and media site. Casper is served by 30 radio stations on FM and AM. KTWO 1030 AM is the state's oldest radio station. Casper is served by the following television stations: KTWO-TV (channel 2), affiliated with ABC; KCWY (channel 13), affiliated with NBC (and The CW on DT2); KGWC-TV (channel 14), affiliated with CBS; and KFNB (channel 20), affiliated with Fox. Casper also has a member station of PBS, KPTW, on channel 8. Almost all the city's FM stations and all its TV stations broadcast from Casper Mountain south of the city.

Sports teams based in Casper include:

Casper is home to a number of museums and historical sites:

Casper has three locations offering theater: the Gertrude Krampert Theatre at Casper College, Stage III Community Theatre, and the Casper Events Center, where an annual series of touring Broadway shows, Broadway in Casper, can be seen.

Casper is home to the Troopers, a drum and bugle corps in Drum Corps International, and the Wyoming Symphony Orchestra. In the summer, Casper's City Band performs free concerts Thursday evenings at Washington Park.

Wyoming National Bank, a mid-century modern tower, was designed by Charles Deaton and is featured in Casper's logo.

Interstate Highways:

US Routes:

Wyoming State Highways:

The city has scheduled air service at Casper–Natrona County International Airport, a former army air base built during World War II. The runways are large, having been built for bombers. It replaced Wardwell Field north of Casper, which later became the town of Bar Nunn. The airport is west of the city just off of US Highway 20/26. In 2004, the airport facilities were renovated. Passenger service is offered by United Express (SkyWest Airlines and GoJet Airlines) and Delta Connection (SkyWest Airlines). FedEx Express and FedEx Feeder provide cargo airline service.

Public transit in the Casper area was formerly provided by the Casper Area Transportation Coalition but is now offered by the city of Casper as Casper Area Transit. It offers fixed route service called Casper Area LINK and an on-request service called ASSIST from Monday to Saturday.